Gear shift inner cables are usually either 1.1mm or 1.2mm thickness. The nipple at the end will also be different for Rapidfire / STI / twist grip shifters
Brake inner cables are normally 1.5mm or 1.6mm. MTB / STI nipple ends will be different.
Yes! brake cables will probably undergo significantly more strain and can probably stretch a bit while gear cables will be under a limited range of strain and will be required to remain under strain indefinitely without stretching. so are probably wound differently. oh and different diameters too well this end at least.